Waspadai Terapi Alternatif untuk Kanker

Penggunaan pengobatan alternatif sebagai terapi medis untuk kanker perlu diwaspadai. Sebab, pemakaian terapi alternatif sebelum terapi medis dapat mencuri waktu pasien kanker yang sangat berharga. Padahal, sebagian terapi alternatif dan komplementer belum terbukti dapat menyembuhkan penyakit itu.
”Terapi yang aman adalah terapi yang memiliki dasar ilmiah dan dapat dibuktikan dalam uji klinis,” kata ahli bedah onkologi dari Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais, Jakarta, Walta Gautama, dalam diskusi yang dihadiri para pasien dan keluarga penderita kanker, Jumat (25/1), di auditorium RS Mitra Kelapa Gading, Jakarta.
Di Indonesia terapi alternatif dan komplementer sangat populer, terutama untuk penyakit-penyakit yang butuh operasi seperti kanker. Keberhasilan yang diklaim terapi alternatif sering hanya berdasar kesaksian pasien tanpa ada bukti ilmiah.
”Tanpa regulasi yang baik, terapi alternatif dapat berbahaya dari sisi ekonomi, waktu, dan kepercayaan pasien terhadap dokter,” ujar Walta.
Di sisi lain, kualitas pelayanan medis bagi pasien kanker juga harus ditingkatkan, di antaranya mempercepat proses pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk diagnosis agar tidak terlambat diobati dan beralih ke terapi nonmedis.
Karena kurangnya pengetahuan tentang keamanan dan efikasi pengobatan ini, di AS telah didirikan badan khusus yang meregulasi terapi alternatif (NCCAM).
Hasil survei di AS, pasien mencoba terapi alternatif bukan untuk sembuh, melainkan untuk meningkatkan daya tahan, mengurangi nyeri, mengurangi efek samping tidak menyenangkan dari terapi medis yang dijalani.
”Suplemen dan diet sebagai terapi sebaiknya hanya digunakan untuk meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh dan mengurangi keluhan akibat kanker atau dampak pengobatannya,” kata dia.
Mitos
Selama ini beredar mitos seputar diet, nutrisi, atau suplemen sebagai terapi alternatif dan komplementer untuk kanker. Vitamin A misalnya, yang dianggap dapat meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh pasien kanker, faktanya membuktikan pemberian vitamin A dosis tinggi dan berkepanjangan meningkatkan kanker prostat dan angka kejadian kanker paru pada kelompok risiko tinggi.
Sementara vitamin C dianggap antioksidan yang dapat mencegah kanker dan perlu diminum dosis tinggi. Kenyataannya, tidak ada penelitian yang membuktikan dapat menyembuhkan kanker. Vitamin itu dapat mengganggu efek radiasi dan kemoterapi terhadap sel kanker.
Makrobiotik atau diet hampir vegetarian juga dianggap dapat mencegah kanker. Diet ini menghindari daging, telur, dan susu. Dari penelitian, peran makrobiotik untuk pengobatan kanker belum cukup diteliti. ”Beberapa komponen makrobiotik dapat mengubah metabolisme beberapa obat. Bawang putih, misalnya, mengganggu metabolisme obat kemoterapi, antijamur, antidarah tinggi,” kata Walta. (EVY)***
7 Jenis Kanker Ancam Pasien HIV

Para peneliti dari Perancis menguji data dari tiga jenis kanker yang terkait dengan AIDS (Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, dan kanker serviks), serta empat kanker yang tidak terkait dengan AIDS (Hodgkin's lymphoma, kanker paru, kanker hati, dan kanker anal) pada 52.278 orang yang terinfeksi HIV.
Peneliti dalam studi tersebut juga menganalisa kaitan antara defisiensi kekebalan tubuh, jumlah virus, terapi antiviral, serta timbulnya kanker. Secara umum, berkurangnya kekebalan tubuh meningkatkan risiko kanker. Jumlah sel CD4 (jumlah CD4 mencerminkan kesehatan sistem kekebalan tubuh) merupakan faktor yang bisa memprediksi seluruh risiko kanker, kecuali kanker anal. Menurut catatan peneliti, kaitan antara risiko kanker dengan jumlah virus lebih rendah daripada kurangnya kekebalan tubuh.
Jumlah CD4 merupakan satu-satunya faktor risiko yang memprediksi Hodgnkin's lymphoma, kanker paru dan kanker hati. Meningkatnya risiko Kaposi sarcoma dan non-Hodgkin's lymphoma juga berkaitan dengan rendahnya jumlah CD4, tingginya jumlah virus HIV dan kombinasi terapi antiretroviral (cART).
Sementara itu jumlah CD4 yang tinggi berkaitan dengan rendahnya risiko kanker serviks. Risiko kanker anal meningkat bila jumlah CD4 kurang dari 200 sel per mikroliter dan jumlah virus lebih dari 100.000 per mililiter. Demikian menurut studi yang dipublikasikan dalam The Lancet Oncology.
"cART lebih bermanfaat untuk memperbaiki bila jumlah CD4 di atas 500 sel per mikroliter, hal ini mengindikasikan diagnosis awal infeksi HIV dan perlunya terapi sejak awal," kata para peneliti. Selain itu para peneliti juga merekomendasikan pentingnya program skrining kanker untuk pasien HIV, terutama skrining kanker serviks untuk wanita yang positif HIV.
Herbal Therapies Used by People Living With HIV: Propolis

2004
Propolis is a sticky substance that bees make from the sap (or resin) found around the buds of trees and other plants. This sap has natural antibiotic properties and protects the plant from infection. Because bees collect propolis from a variety of plants, it contains many different disease-resistant compounds. In fact, it's spread on the inside of hives to prevent disease. Propolis can also be spread on the skin of people to prevent infections around cuts or to treat minor skin infections, including those seen in HIV. Some people spread the substance on skin affected by shingles or herpes cold sores. Test-tube studies suggest that propolis is effective against the herpes virus. People with HIV may also chew raw propolis (or use the tincture as a mouth wash) to prevent or treat mild thrush. Raw ground propolis is available from health food stores and beekeepers. Propolis may be dissolved in a tincture or added to skin creams.
Propolis VS HIV, Propolis Win
Propolis might have life-saving properties

Unexplained disappearances, a baffling plague, and an irreplaceable society crumbling: these are not the trappings of a musty history textbook or war coverage from across an ocean. They are essential pieces of a modern-day mystery that spans the globe.
This is the story of honeybees, their struggle to survive and the secret they may have to saving themselves. It's the tale of three CFANS investigators and their team, who hope to learn the bees' secret and use it to save humans, as well.
About seven years ago, a researcher from the Ukraine working at the University of Minnesota Medical School on lab trials to combat HIV came down with a cold. She, like countless people around the world, had always relied on a traditional treatment for such woes, a substance found in any honeybee hive: propolis.
Propolis, sometimes known as bee glue, is a thick, sticky resin that bees collect from tree buds and use to cement holes in the hive and defend it against invading parasites and diseases. Traditional healers from South America, China, Japan, and Eastern Europe have valued propolis as a remedy for such ailments as gum problems and dental health, skin issues and oral sores, as well as viruses and the common cold.
The researcher tracked down propolis at the Minneapolis farmers' market and made herself a tincture to soothe her viral woes. Then she brought her cure to work with her and ran a test: propolis versus HIV. Propolis won.
Propolis demonstrated antiviral activity against HIV, prompting a study on propolis that paired the Medical School with a team of researchers from CFANS. Results were promising, but propolis is an incredibly complex substance, and the mystery of precisely which elements are active remained. The study's implications were intriguing, however.
Where the bees are
"I started thinking, 'Wait, if propolis is so good for humans, it's got to also be good for bees,'" explains bee expert Marla Spivak, co-principal investigator in a new two-year project to identify the active compounds in honeybee propolis.
For the past several decades, bees have been stricken by parasites and viruses introduced by humans and global movement, to the point that wild or feral honeybees have become virtually extinct, says Spivak, a professor in the Department of Entomology. In the past year, entire colonies have mysteriously disappeared in an epidemic bee experts have named Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which has decimated some beekeepers' bee populations.
Spivak speculates that CCD could be the cumulative effect of diseases and parasites that affect only honeybees, new systemic insecticides, crop specialization, and destruction of native plant corridors, among other things. Whatever the cause, CCD threatens the pollinators of one-third of all U.S. food crops.
Spivak reasoned that a study could address both honeybee and human health. Testing chemical compounds against bee diseases can be done much faster than studies with human subjects, and results could quickly be applied to combat bee diseases or to test compounds against HIV and other human viruses. She enlisted two colleagues from the University's original propolis study-- Jerry Cohen and Gary Gardner, both from the Department of Horticultural Science--to join her on the project, which is funded by a grant from CFANS.
"I went to Jerry and said, 'What would be really cool would be to analyze the components of propolis and to use the bee as a screen to quickly test which are active against bee diseases and bee viruses'," Spivak explains. "So I came up with the idea to use the bees as a screen, and they came up with the methods."
"One of the limitations of the original project we worked with was that we had no rapid assay for biological activity," Cohen says. "It involved harvesting cells from patients, so it wasn't trivial. What makes the bee part of this project very important is the quick screening system for bacteria that cause the death of bees."

Using propolis supplied by Spivak's contacts from countries around the world, as well as from her own hives on the Twin Cities campus in St. Paul, the study will identify any variations that arise from different plant sources in propolis from different locations, as well as any role the bees may have in altering its chemistry. The three professors collaborate with Lana Barkawi, a postdoctoral biochemist in Cohen's lab, and toxicology graduate student researcher Mike Wilson to create their new screening process.
The ultimate goal of the rapid assay will be to identify any new compounds that show anti-microbial activity toward bacteria and viruses that infect insects. Then the researchers will submit those compounds to an external service to test their activity against enzymes unique to the HIV virus.
"The danger with something like propolis, because it's been looked at for literally millennia, is that you can move down the line and discover something that's already known," says Gardner. "Our focus is on two key terms: active and novel."
"We might find something novel that's never been evaluated on HIV, we might not," Gardner says. "But we have this background in propolis and HIV expression, so it's not like we're saying we can cure AIDS because propolis is good."
A long-term hope, says Spivak, "is that after testing propolis components on bee diseases and viruses, we can find components that would be really helpful to treat human viruses, and particularly an inexpensive treatment for HIV for developing nations."
"I really hope that bees change propolis when they collect it, because that leaves bees in the picture," she says. "I want them to be indispensable, so that people maintain the bees, which are so important."
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